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Fundamental Principles Instructors and administrators can apply some basic principles when working with officers who need to build confidence and improve writing skills. Reporting to an external regulator, higher level authority in the sector the organisation or institution is in. Leadership Spotlight: Compassion in Law Enforcement. 0000000798 00000 n Discuss the importance of accurate and legible writing for both, internal and external statements and why clear, comprehensible writing is critical. The table below can be sorted alphabetically by title or citation. Effective internal control mechanisms have an essential role to play within a police accountability system, both from a preventive and reactive perspective. Leadership Spotlight: Stuck in Autopilot? Collaborated and communicated with team members, internal and external stakeholders, law enforcement and regulatory agencies to ensure the pharmaceutical products quality comply with regulatory standards. Not all police powers can be subjected to prior judicial authorization, and thus countries typically subject only the police powers that are considered to be most intrusive, to ex-ante judicial control such as the surveillance of electronic and telecommunications. 0000003290 00000 n Lexipol. Even worse for an agency is when an abusive person with positional authority surrounds themself with those too weak or too ambitious to point out when the organization is off course or when things are not being done ethically or morally a common practice of narcissistic leaders. Concept, Values and Origin of Restorative Justice, 2. Most important, active learning builds intellect more effectively than if someone else does the work. FBI.gov is an official site of the U.S. government, U.S. Department of Justice. Xiao X, Liu F, Zhou F, Chen S. Narcissistic leadership and employees' knowledge sharing: Influence of organizational identification and collectivism. They can find solutions for the writing problems they encounter. Some potential benefits are: Complainants are given a place to voice concerns outside of the law enforcement agency. Police services shall therefore develop detailed procedures for managing firearms and ammunition to create an audit trail. Leadership Spotlight: Recognizing Nonverbal Indicators of Comfort and Stress, Leadership Spotlight: Successful Leadership Training, Leadership Spotlight: Effective Leadership Through Institutional Integrity, Leadership Spotlight: Leaders Find the Positives, Leadership Spotlight: Table Manners from Mom and Dad, Safeguard Spotlight: Responding to a Child Predators Suicide, Leadership Spotlight: Inspirational Leaders Suspend Their Ego, Leadership Spotlight: Leadership Etiquette and Common Sense, Safeguard Spotlight: Coping with Line-of-Duty Exposure to Child Pornography/Exploitation Materials. Brian Willis. Lexipol. 318 0 obj <>stream Would an English teacher serve as a better resource? With extensive experience in all types of police writing, the author has learned that almost anyone who meets law enforcement entrance requirements can learn to write effective reports without a lengthy detour into academic English. Forensic Spotlight: A New Investigative Biometric Service - The National Palm Print System, Leadership Spotlight: The Carver and the Planter, Officer Survival Spotlight: Foot Pursuits - Keeping Officers Safe, Leadership Spotlight: Value of Compassion. Popular culture often portrays abusive police supervisors as the norm. Apart from the rulings of some regional courts (such as the European Court of Human Rights or Inter-American Court of Human Rights), which have binding effect; most international actors do not have the mandate to directly influence laws, policies and practices. endstream endobj startxref Right of Victims to Adequate Response to their Needs, 5. Improper procurement, registration, storage, maintenance and tracing of weapons and ammunition would lead to major accountability gaps and render any internal and external investigations ineffective. W~l*\ps;E$m[)[Spfa8`GjOm">.bDs]CmF=1='V+UCr[[) 50m{qA'[7#TJ5K7Dk9e?5*$,eowfLQ2t{q].K3y/:*RTfE=ivOAj'i4_+y$XlO3U]UN.po_. All rights reserved. 25-26; OSCE, 2009, para. legal basis of the police under the rule of law, the police and the criminal justice systems, organizational structures of the police (recruitment, retention, training, and rights of personnel), guidelines for police action (including the overarching human rights and ethical standards such as respecting and protecting fundamental human rights, acting in line with principles of legality, impartiality, non-discrimination, consideration for protecting groups at risk of vulnerability). Police services should also establish effective mechanisms and procedures for receiving, handling and investigating complaints by members of the public against the police officers. Such mechanisms have three main components: Professional and integrity standards Ongoing supervision and monitoring Internal reporting and disciplinary mechanisms (DCAF, 2015a). D. External auditing. Firstly, there is usually a limit to the police powers that are subjected to ex-ante judicial control. 3. Long before the first edition of The Leadership Challenge, the United States Marine Corps and other military organizations were teaching similar leadership behaviors. 2. Leadership Spotlight: Where is Your Bottom Line? Speaking up to the emotional vampire: A conservation of resources perspective. Similarly, peoples minds work better when checking someone elses work. As Law Enforcement Officers, we must understand perception, both internal and external. Surprisingly, the answer is no. External statements (statements from the external point of view) are descriptive statements which can either bear on the internal aspect (moderate external statements) or on the external aspect (radical external statements of rules). Please discuss what might constitute an internal statement versus that of an external statement. However, the facts indicate that most issues with police reports result from usage and diction errors, which are easier to work with than the arcane terminology of grammar theory. Such mechanisms have three main components: As mentioned in the previous sections, all police actions should be based on law. There are certain risks and ethical considerations associated with the media investigating and reporting on police action and potential abuses. Often, the real obstacles appear to be haste and apathywriters hurry, refrain from checking their work, or do not care about what they write. While the judiciary has a crucial role in police accountability, in practice there are certain limitations and challenges to an effective judicial oversight of the police. External accountability procedures reviewed in this paper Leadership Spotlight: The Leader Knows Best? Individuals who share those feelings may be surprised to hear that they know more about English than they think. Many high school graduates who watch TV and movies have years of exposure to suitable diction and correct usage. In recognition of these standards and principles, representatives of international and regional actors, such as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions and the Council of Europe Human Rights Commissioner have called for the establishment of independent police complaint bodies ('IPCB') as they are best suited to conduct effective investigations of police complaints (CoE, 2009; UNHRC, 2010). Often, slang words and colloquialisms, such as has went, dont have none, and me and my partner arrived, slip into reports and other documents. "q@mW(A;^g[ci3f.Yk:0?sp~z = 91). Watching a marked unit running 90 mph on the interstate elicits an immediate and predictable belief by those who witness it as an abuse of position, howeverbenign officers may think such behavior is. However, this does not mean that international human rights law, accountability standards and examples of good practices around the world would not be relevant in such contexts. If having credibility is the foundation for effective leadership, Kouzes and Posner build the remainder of their leadership structure with five practices: Each of these practices has long been a part of successful leadership. The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) is an investigative reporting platform formed by 40 non-profit investigative centres, scores of journalists and several major regional news organizations around the globe. Vulnerabilities of Girls in Conflict with the Law, 3. The extent of police powers requiring ex-ante judicial control varies across jurisdictions. That is why the section referred to challenges with respect to each oversight actor. Procedures for regular and unannounced inspections and spot checks by the supervisors of places carrying high risk of human rights violations such as custody facilities and interrogation rooms. Topic three - Crosscutting and contemporary issues in police accountability, E4J High Level Conference Vienna October 2019, Breakout Sessions for Primary and Secondary Level, UNODC-UNESCO Partnership for Global Citizenship Education, Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants, Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice Reform, Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice & SDGs, UN Congress on Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice, Commission on Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice, Conference of the States Parties to UNCAC, Rules for Simulating Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice Bodies, Developing a Rationale for Using the Video. This system is intended to protect police officers' integrity as well as deter misbehavior, as well as to regain or improve public trust in law enforcement (Moses, 2018). Second, a chain of command would clearly establish the respective monitoring roles and responsibilities of all police officers with supervisory ranks in the hierarchy. That should be a powerful motivator for formal supervision to model exemplary behaviors otherwise, the agency will negatively impact the community by rotting from the inside out. 0000045264 00000 n NGOs monitor the police on an on-going basis through open sources. Whilst an external statement could be a statement by a civilian regarding the conduct of officers they were in contact with or a citation they received. Those institutions and individuals involved in the teaching of criminology, criminal justice, law enforcement and related subjects should be familiar with factors and forces, internally and externally, that interact to bring about curricular change in institutions of higher education. 10114.1. By way of example, Walter Scott, an unarmed man fleeing from the police in the United States, was shot dead by a police officer, who then planted a weapon on the victim's body and informed his colleagues through radio that the man had attempted to grab the weapon. August 17, 2021 by Best Writer For this discussion, we will focus on the completing of statements for both law enforcement and corrections. Analytical thinker who develops human-centered yet . By contrast, performance criteria that measure operational performance by the number of arrests, for example, may result in high incidence of arbitrary arrests, in violation of international human rights standards. This is not surprising. 90 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 93 /H [ 949 477 ] /L 170340 /E 73891 /N 26 /T 168422 >> endobj xref 90 17 0000000016 00000 n in Criminal Justice from Liberty University. (n.d.). Lt. ODonnell is a 2016 graduate of the University of Virginias National Criminal Justice Command College, earned the Advanced Specialist designation by the Force Science Institute in 2018, and became an IADLEST National Certified Instructor in 2020. The Need. Aims and Significance of Alternatives to Imprisonment, 2. The Danish IPCB has an exceptional power of taking binding decisions on disciplinary investigations, and its decision is final. Writing simple, straightforward sentences often eliminates fragments, run-on sentences, dangling modifiers, and other syntax errors. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 2015, 16(3), 75-109. Leadership Spotlight: How Do We Lead from Here? DragonEye Tech: Leaders in LIDAR Speed Measurement, Request a quote for the most accurate & reliable non-lethal training, The implications officer perception of leadership and leadership behaviors have for organizational culture. Research has shown that perceptions of internal procedural justice correlate with how officers embrace the tenets of procedural justice in the community. By way of example, Brian Willis is an internationally recognized thought leader, trainer and speaker. This is a dynamic that has implications for all levels within a department, including informal leaders impacting new officers and officers impacting the community. (n.d.). Scope of United Nations Standards & Norms on CPCJ, 3. For instance, incorporating compliance with integrity standards as a key criterion for recruitment and promotion of police officers would help mainstream a culture of ethics across the organization. Begin sentences with a nounperson, place, or thing. Investigations of complaints should be conducted by a police unit or officers that are reasonably independent of the police officer involved in the incident which led to the complaint (OSCE, 2009, para. Requirements and Best Practices Requirements The University Internal Financial Statements are required to be used for all closing activities. This leads to the incident being picked up by the conventional media, as well as complaints and oversight bodies. human rights law, Module 7: Counter-Terrorism & Situations of Public Emergency, Limitations Permitted by Human Rights Law, Examples of States of Emergency & Derogations, Extra-territorial Application of Right to Life. Internal reporting and disciplinary mechanisms (DCAF, 2015a). Otherwise, why have a matrix at all? Consisting of 66 articles, the Code is organized under the following sub-headings: Similar standards are articulated in: the 0000002202 00000 n Therefore, external control and oversight actors should be actively involved in all stages of accountability before, during, after the act. Depending on its mandate and powers, IPCB either conducts the investigation independently, or supervises or cooperates with the police service for the investigation of the complaint. Internal and external communication styles - Internal and External Communication Styles BPA/ May 27, - StuDocu Internal and external communication styles A paper on internal and external communication styles University University of Phoenix Course Public Sector Communications (BPA 200) Uploaded by Sciatta Stevquoah Academic year 2018/2019 Helpful? If an officer is not allowed to question a supervisor within a department without being subjected to aggressive, demeaning, or dismissive behaviors from that supervisor, officers are more prone totreat community members who question them in the same manner. Importantly, if people feel that pointing out these discrepancies may bring further adverse consequences, nothing will be said to address the issues, compounding and continuing a sense of mistrust of the positional authority in the agency. It covers all major reports from first responder report to criminal case file. The Necessary measures shall be put in place to safeguard the rights of the accused police officer, particularly the right to be notified on the investigation, right to legal aid, right to be heard and defence (PACE, 1979, articles 7-9). There is no doubt that such mechanisms can function most effectively in democratic societies, where there is an established culture of transparency and accountability, a tradition of participatory and inclusive policymaking; constitutional provisions for safeguarding human rights; robust legal and institutional framework establishing the role, powers and functions of oversight actors, and resources for oversight actors to carry out their duties effectively. With technology, police investigation methods and new forms of crime getting ever more complicated, it is conceivable that MPs may not be able to ask the right questions to oversee complex police functions and activities. X jY&Z[YMW& Ei4*7'_[$v-MoADN/3j6~=Q/tM0Wh@?GTSk Dl[lx+aZ6(Bj>K JUlM\PgnC3kHS\|+e) \(p~["w[^T7E&}{oF~G)4 fgx{>xWvhc IPID, Such parliamentary committees often have the power to request and review reports by the police, hold parliamentary hearings, summon members of the executive, law enforcement, as well as thematic experts to testify at parliamentary hearings, launch parliamentary investigations and conduct inspections of police facilities (UNODC, 2011, p. 95). Furthermore, the judiciary plays a key role in providing remedial routes to victims of police misconduct, mostly through civil proceedings (Born et.al, 2012, p. 201). Additionally, please discuss when one might be completed as opposed to the other. Strong prioritization skills . endstream endobj 289 0 obj <>/Metadata 37 0 R/Outlines 82 0 R/Pages 286 0 R/StructTreeRoot 90 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 290 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 286 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 291 0 obj <>stream The leadership challenge: How to make extraordinary things happen in organizations. Even more importantly, law enforcement leaders with positional authority should understand that their behaviors are causally linked either positively or negatively to the way junior members of the department interact with the community. This includes information sharing between Federal, State, Local, Tribal, Territorial (FSLTT) and International partners. Highlighting positive practices would signal that the senior management values the implementation of integrity standards in practice. Enforcement Agency Integrity Commission in Malaysia. More Command Staff - Chiefs / Sheriffs News, More Command Staff - Chiefs / Sheriffs Videos. Honesty has been singled out as a virtue for millennia. Jamaican Independent Commission of Investigations (INDECOM), South African }3{^7Z%#,q#ea|BY4fNy {P{Z]?&Qav,d6);z: v|m5zY[r>me].<5~jbHK+ie fwIm ^ Qgt0yI iHe9T%+Pbd'x$vO|-MrcN+F}*GR4;$v[^MTs4 D"^xL,($OA`a)(X7cG* uRsJWc)eR^#I;oXP#Y(Pg'k_o&yd5NHz+ 8wKBK-NtC,"l(ahDhJcBRa$A3#-&X[Ib2~v"cgn@(_@Kb$P;4Bgc9 C5+ All rights reserved. Leadership Spotlight: President John Quincy Adams and Bounded Ethicality, Leadership Spotlight: Leadership During Change, Leadership Spotlight: Intent vs. Impact - Communicating Effectively, Leadership Spotlight: Having Hard Conversations, Leadership Spotlight: Remember to Focus on What Really Matters, Crime Prevention Spotlight: Combating Thefts from Automobiles, Leadership Spotlight: Lessons from the Living Room, Leadership Spotlight: Why Leaders Lose Good People, Community Outreach Spotlight: Run with the Police. The first degree of control in any police accountability system is the internal control mechanisms within the police service. The Many Forms of Violence against Children, 3. Being a member of a parliamentary police oversight committee is one of the multiple duties Members of Parliaments (MPs) have. ICCPR (GA Resolution 2200A (XXI), article 2(3)a), is central to an effective accountability system. Furthermore, in some countries, parliaments oversee or even approve appointments to the most senior law enforcement positions (such as the National Police Chief). Leadership Spotlight: I Should Have Eaten More Ice Cream! 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The primary objectives of continuous supervision and monitoring is to verify compliance of day-to day policing practices with the law, policies and integrity standards; and detect unlawful and/or unethical behaviour (ICRC, 2013, p. 140). C. Helping external auditors with the financial statement audit. For instance, a regular review of disaggregated stop and search data may reveal disproportionate stop and search practices targeting young men from a particular race or religion. When agencies demonstrate that assignments, training, promotions and discipline are fairly awarded based on merit, qualifications and need, then morale improves, initiative-taking improves and community engagement improves. Indeed, countries around the world, including the ones which have a history of pervasive and serious police abuses, have chosen to set-up IPCBs. external reporting procedure must be followed, in addition to the internal procedures and completion of the investigation form. As recently as March 23, 2016, the SEC announced a settlement with a multi-national company due in part to the internal controls failures at two foreign subsidiaries. 3. The table can also be searched by typing all or a portion of a title or keyword in the search field below. Conflict in the workplace: A 10-year review of toxic leadership in higher education. 12. While many of its criminal laws and sanctions are similar to those of other states, California is unique in a number of ways. Leadership Spotlight: President Jefferson and Criticism, Community Outreach Spotlight: Camp Cadet of Cambria County, Leadership Spotlight: Leadership Lessons from Mom. If well promoted, a code of ethics setting out integrity standards has the potential to: give guidance for action to police officers facing ethical dilemmas; contribute to a better identification, analysis and resolution of ethical problems; and assist the exercise of leadership and management throughout the organization and enhance public trust in the police (CoE, 2001, Explanatory Memorandum). 1%P4 KkS7Sm/+:'2XASQs${1*69b9 :cGWqOFclr]kBWjOo+ Police services should widely promote the code of ethics and integrity standards across the organization; and should incorporate the implementation of integrity standards into recruitment, training, and promotion processes. Secondly, with respect to ex-ante review of surveillance warrants if the judges who review warrant requests by the police do not have the necessary knowledge and expertise on intrusive investigative measures and their implications for human rights, they may not be able to critically assess the necessity and proportionality of such measures (Wills, 2015, p. 55). To this end: There should be a variety of ways for lodging a complaint (in-person at the station, in writing, by phone, online). Civil society and the media have an ancillary, yet essential, role in the police accountability system. The previous subsections referred to the potential challenges encountered when allegations of police misconduct are investigated internally by the police or executive bodies; and overseen by the judiciary and the legislature. Please discuss what might constitute an internal statement versus that of an external statement. Addressing Violence against Children within the Justice System, 2. Nevertheless, United Nations Treaty Monitoring Bodies and Special Rapporteurs play an important role in fostering police accountability through norm setting, official country visits (especially inspection of detention facilities), individual complaint mechanisms and urgent actions, and supporting the capacities of local oversight actors (see, for example, with respect to children in conflict with the law, Van Keirsbilck and Grandfils, 2017). SSM - Population Health, 2017,3, 393-402. Open the tools menu in your browser. Enters, maintains and retrieves data in various law enforcement computer systems; creates and updates format, documents and manuals as necessary. Appendix: How Corruption Affects the SDGs, Module 3: Corruption and Comparative Politics, Hybrid Systems and Syndromes of Corruption, Political Institution-building as a Means to Counter Corruption, Manifestations and Consequences of Public Sector Corruption, Forms & Manifestations of Private Sector Corruption, Consequences of Private Sector Corruption, Collective Action & Public-Private Partnerships against Corruption, Module 6: Detecting and Investigating Corruption, Detection Mechanisms - Auditing and Reporting, Brief background on the human rights system, Overview of the corruption-human rights nexus, Impact of corruption on specific human rights, Approaches to assessing the corruption-human rights nexus, Defining sex, gender and gender mainstreaming, Theories explaining the gendercorruption nexus, Manifestations of corruption in education, Module 10: Citizen Participation in Anti-Corruption Efforts, The role of citizens in fighting corruption, The role, risks and challenges of CSOs fighting corruption, The role of the media in fighting corruption, Access to information: a condition for citizen participation, ICT as a tool for citizen participation in anti-corruption efforts, Government obligations to ensure citizen participation in anti-corruption efforts, Module 1: Introduction to International Terrorism, Module 2: Conditions Conducive to Spread of Terrorism, Preventing & Countering Violent Extremism, Module 3: International Counter-Terrorism Legal Framework, International Cooperation & UN CT Strategy, Current Challenges to International Legal Framework, Module 4: Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism, Module 5: Regional Counter-Terrorism Approaches, Module 6: Military / Armed Conflict Approaches, Relationship between IHL & intern. Acquittal of suspects led to large rallies, the resignation of the chief public prosecutor, and the establishment of the ad hoc parliamentary commission. GDmjNxSdLC1r]cPz(!8e:Sm;PA@,( KI:-?{#,+ VFltQHN%)-{]H|b` 2+@%;GU`6lj%p%R&Mb9X$S2NYwF3UxC0e($ OMG/VQ0}lL./C Rq`Utbdcx`}4ylrGrj@}!m3D =wWF(rzHBNJ@yi|E{IsX}4s5 Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Brian N. ODonnell is a lieutenant with the City of Charlottesville, Virginia, Police Department. Conversational English differs from professional text. The Commission has reviewed case material, summoned police officials who carried out the investigation, and issued recommendations for the Ministry of Interior and the Police (Civil.ge, 2018). A thorough scrutiny of the proposed police budget might reveal unnecessary procurements, or areas with high risk of corruption. Sworn officers hold awesome power. Am I treating citizens with dignity and respect? In Slovenia, while most disciplinary misconduct complaints are handled by the police, a ministerial panel directly investigates the complaints in which complainants are children or members of national or ethnic communities or minorities or other vulnerable groups (Slovenia Police Tasks and Powers Act, 2013, Section IV). United Nations Standards & Norms on CPCJ in Operation, Regional Crime Prevention Councils/Institutions, Module 3: Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Proceedings, 1. Such channels should be accessible for both witnesses (see section on. Internal procedural justice has an impact on how officers deliver services to the community. Knowledge about Gender in Organized Crime, Gender and Different Types of Organized Crime, Organized crime and Terrorism - International Legal Framework, International Terrorism-related Conventions, Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols, Theoretical Frameworks on Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism, Typologies of Criminal Behaviour Associated with Terrorism, Terrorism, Crime and Trafficking in Cultural Property, Intellectual Property Crime and Terrorism, Exploitation of Natural Resources and Terrorism, Module 1: Migrant Smuggling as a Specific Crime Type, UNTOC & the Protocol against Smuggling of Migrants, Migrant Smuggling vis-a-vis Other Crime Types, Module 2: Protection of Rights of Smuggled Migrants, Assistance and Protection in the Protocol, International Human Rights and Refugee Law, Positive and Negative Obligations of the State, Smuggled Migrants & Other Categories of Migrants, Module 3: Criminal Justice Response to Migrant Smuggling, Module 4: Prevention and Non-Criminal Justice Responses to Migrant Smuggling, Non-Criminal Law Relevant to Smuggling of Migrants, Complementary Activities & Role of Non-criminal Justice Actors, Macro-Perspective in Addressing Smuggling of Migrants, Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration and its Drivers, Humanitarianism, Security and Migrant Smuggling, Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons, Distinction between Trafficking in Persons and Other Crimes, Misconceptions Regarding Trafficking in Persons, Module 7: Prevention of Trafficking in Persons, Monitoring, Evaluating & Reporting on Effectiveness of Prevention, Module 8: Human Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking in Persons, Protection under the Protocol against Trafficking in Persons, State Responsibility for Trafficking in Persons, Principle of Non-Criminalization of Victims, Module 9: Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons, Criminal Justice Duties Imposed on States, Current Low Levels of Prosecutions and Convictions, Challenges to an Effective Criminal Justice Response, Rights of Victims to Justice and Protection, Module 10: Role of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Countering Trafficking in Persons, Module 11: SOM & TIP - Differences and Commonalities, Vulnerability and Continuum between SOM & TIP, Module 12: Children as Smuggled Migrants & Victims of Trafficking, Protecting Smuggled and Trafficked Children, Children Alleged as Having Committed Smuggling or Trafficking Offences, Module 13: Gender Dimensions of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants, Basic Terms - Gender and Gender Stereotypes, International Legal Frameworks and Definitions of TIP and SOM, Key Debates in the Scholarship on TIP and SOM, Module 14: Links between Cybercrime, Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants, Use of Technology to Facilitate TIP and SOM, Technology Facilitating Trafficking in Persons, Using Technology to Prevent and Combat TIP and SOM, Module 1: Illicit Markets for Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Products, Locations and Activities relating to Wildlife Trafficking, Module 2: International Frameworks for Combating Wildlife Trafficking, CITES & the International Trade in Endangered Species, Module 3: Criminal Justice Responses to Wildlife Trafficking, Investigation Measures and Detection Methods, Module 4: Illegal Exploitation of Wild Flora, Wild Flora as the Target of Illegal Trafficking, Purposes for which Wild Flora is Illegally Targeted, Module 5: Sustainable Livelihoods and Community Engagement, Background: Communities and conservation: A history of disenfranchisement, Incentives for communities to get involved in illegal wildlife trafficking: the cost of conservation, Incentives to participate in illegal wildlife, logging and fishing economies, International and regional responses that fight wildlife trafficking while supporting IPLCs, Mechanisms for incentivizing community conservation and reducing wildlife trafficking, Other challenges posed by wildlife trafficking that affect local populations, Apr.

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