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The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. Szczepanski, Kallie. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). He simply and quietly disappeared. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. Szczepanski, Kallie. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. . Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. [2][3]. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. Grandmother. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. However, the date of retrieval is often important. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). Inventions The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. . Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. Omissions? Szczepanski, Kallie. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. Omissions? White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. }, Page last modified: The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. ." - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. . id Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. XIX Century Civil Wars. (2020, August 27). ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). View original page. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. #ga-ad {display: none;} "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. (February 22, 2023). Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Updates? This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. ", Dai, Yingcong. //]]>. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. (present perfect, tell). Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Encyclopedia.com.

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