Andrus, a strict disciplinarian, were constantly reminded that the prisoners should be treated with civility and objectivity at all times. [119] Unlike the British and American prosecution strategy, which focused on using German documents to make their case, the French prosecutors took the perspective of the victims, submitting postwar police reports and calling eleven witnesses. Number 5 was Albert Speer, Hitlers personal architect and confidant. SS members were generally frowned upon and can't imagine them having anything to do with the trials except sit in the dock. Former Nazi leaders were indicted and tried as war criminals for their conduct by the International Military Tribunal. Give me information about your Dad and I will help you research about your fathers deployment to Germany. [67] Also prosecuted were leaders of the German economy, such as Gustav Krupp (of the conglomerate Krupp AG), former Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht, and economic planners Albert Speer and Walther Funk, along with Speer's subordinate and head of the forced labor program, Fritz Sauckel. He maintained an air of superiority toward Dnitz, considering him still a subordinate officer. Those incarcerated at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg were allowed very limited and sporadic visitation rights with lawyers and family members. Batya. He, like the others, was always bumming cigarettes or cans of Prince Albert tobacco for his pipe. Nuremberg was chosen as the location for the trials because of its symbolic value. Second, it rejected the argument that the trial and adjudication were ex post facto. [123] The next week, the Soviet prosecution suddenly produced former field marshal Friedrich von Paulus, captured after the Battle of Stalingrad, as a witness and questioned him about the preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. Courtroom MPs wore stylish white MP-emblazoned helmet liners and similarly labeled brassards. I need your: They were not to be shown disrespect. To maintain the steady flow of Speer pencil sketches, guards always provided him with an adequate supply of paper and sharpened pencils. First, it rejected the contention that only a state, and not individuals, could be found guilty of war crimes; the tribunal held that crimes of international law are committed by men and that only by punishing individuals who commit such crimes can the provisions of international law be enforced. [43] The United States prosecution believed that Nazism was the product of a German deviation from Western history (the Sonderweg thesis) and sought to correct this deviation with a trial that would serve both retributive and educational purposes. Some passively resigned themselves to their futures while others fought it off and never fully accepted their fates. Corrections? [150] The judges barred most evidence on Allied misdeeds from being heard in court. At least 30,000 women died here. They saw the horrible films the NAZIs took and heard the case the prosecution presented with all the evidence and saw the brutal photos, It was very hard on these young women, but they did their job they were asked to do. What were the verdicts of Nrnberg trials? Designated as protector of Bohemia and Moravia in August 1943, he played a major role in developing the concentration- and labor-camp network for the slaughter of millions. I wish I would have ask more questions about his experience there. [205] Where the prosecution was disappointed by some of the verdicts, the defense could take satisfaction. I do remember that Schacht, like most of the others, steadfastly maintained his innocence, never admitting to guilt in any form. Some were convicted of historys most barbaric crimes against humanity. Twelve paid with their lives. These citations refer to documents at "The International Military Tribunal for Germany". [180][172] On 16 October, ten were hanged, with Gring committing suicide the day before. Twelve of the defendants would be sentenced to death. [158][136] In contrast to the opening prosecution statements, all eight closing statements highlighted the Holocaust; and the French and British prosecutors made this the main charge, as opposed to that of aggression. There was a large clock on the wall that was above his right shoulder. Some, over time, even grew to despise him. The defendants at Nuremberg. Cell doors were never opened when food was distributed. [46], The French prosecutor, Franois de Menthon, had just overseen trials of the leaders of Vichy France;[37] he resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by Auguste Champetier de Ribes. [115], From 17 January to 7 February 1946, France presented its charges and supporting evidence. Some were gassed. She was released after four years and eventually committed suicide in a Bavarian prison. An avid reader, he availed himself of a well-stocked library with a steady supply of books. Streicher, for reasons never made known, was photographed clothed and then naked and again in death. [190][191] Also on trial were industrialistsin the Flick trial, the IG Farben trial, and the Krupp trialfor using forced labor, looting property from Nazi victims, and funding SS atrocities. Other absent and dead men including Himmler, Reinhard Heydrich, Adolf Eichmann, and Bormann were also blamed. Wells, was military policeman and a Provost Sergeant in charge of a special confinement unit whose responsibilities included providing security for the war crimes trials in Nrnberg. There were limits to how much gore that could be tolerated by some of the courtroom guards, he recalled. I wish peace to the world. [202] All four powers later fought independence movements using methods that had been ruled illegal at Nuremberg. Where the convicted were housed on the ground floor, lower-tier cellblock, the main corridor was 60 meters (195 feet) long, lined by 16 cells on each side, and constantly patrolled by 1st Division guards. During the Nuremberg Trial, American guards maintain constant surveillance over the major Nazi war criminals in the prisonattached to the Palace of Justice. [46] The British chief prosecutor was Hartley Shawcross, assisted by David Maxwell Fyfe, who had been the attorney general in Churchill's government. tags: abraham , abrahamism , child-sacrifice , christianity , god , isaac , nazi . [34][35] Located in the American occupation zone, Nuremberg was a symbolic location as the site of Nazi rallies. All guards were forced to stand practically motionless at parade rest behind their assigned prisoner seated before them in the dock. [79] Initially, the Americans had planned to try fourteen organizations and their leaders, but this was narrowed to six: the Reich Cabinet, the Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party, the Gestapo, the SA, the SS and the SD, and the General Staff and High Command of the Wehrmacht. Several were militaristically aloof and looked down upon those they considered to be the mere political element. Efficiency Report for Henry F. Gerecke, 7/1/1945, NAID 6016856. During the dead of winter, cell temperatures constantly hovered near freezing, partially due to severe coal shortages throughout most of Germany, and some prisoners were relegated to wearing stockings as gloves and wrapping their feet in underwear or any other available cloth to keep warm. [95][96] As Jackson made clear, the purpose of the trial was not just to convict the defendants but also to assemble irrefutable evidence of Nazi crimes, establish individual responsibility and the crime of aggression in international law, offer a history lesson to the defeated Germans, delegitimize the traditional German elite,[97] and allow the Allies to distance themselves from appeasement. [215] Early releases of those convicted by the Nuremberg Military Tribunals began in 1949;[216] and in 1951, High Commissioner John J. McCloy overturned most of the sentences. [169][170] The judges did not agree that the conspiracy extended to anyone who participated in the affairs of the Nazi government, only taking being present at the high-level meetings discussing war plans in 1937 and 1939 as evidence of belonging to the conspiracy. The small letters, tav, shin, and zayin in the list of Haman's ten sons (Esther 9), with the combined numerical value of 707, are seen as a "prophetic" code hinting to the future hanging of the ten Nazis convicted at the Nuremberg trials in the year 5707, which Julius Streicher declared as "Purimfest 1946" before he was hanged. 1 Feb 1946. After the war, she and other WACS were asked to stay for the Nuremburg trials to serve as stenographers . However, one thread of similarity was woven among them. Guards were randomly assigned to prisoners, and the assignments were generally not known by the guards until the duty roster was posted or announced each morning during roll call. The Nuremberg Trials: Table of Contents | Indictments | Defendants & Verdicts Click Left/Right to Scroll American guards maintain constant surveillance over Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg prison. The Nazi war criminal, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, after execution at Nuremberg. The 3rd Battalion of the 26th Infantry Reg., "Blue Spaders," of the 1st Infantry Division were chosen to secure the historic Nuremberg War Crimes Trials. Recently one of our readers in the US contacted us with a photo of a pair of sunglasses that were in a box in his grandfather's garage. Guards were, on occasion, somewhat lenient and allowed some prisoners, based on previous friendships and compatible personalities, to walk in pairs. Throughout the trial, he steadfastly maintained his innocence, saying they had arrested and charged the wrong person. [77] Gring, the most famous surviving Nazi, headlined the trial. [84][85] The American prosecution drew on reports of the Office of Strategic Services and information provided by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research and the American Jewish Committee. Master Sgt. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. On October 1, 1946, the International Military Tribunal handed down its verdicts in the trials of 22 Nazi leaders - eleven were given the death penalty, three were acquitted, three were given life imprisonment and four were given imprisonment ranging from 10 to 20 years. [74], Although the list of defendants was finalized on 29 August,[75] as late as October, Jackson demanded changes and expansion of the defendants list, but this was rejected. The purpose of the trial was not just to convict the defendants but also to assemble irrefutable evidence of Nazi crimes, offer a history lesson to the defeated Germans, and delegitimize the traditional German elite. I asked him why that necessitated the killing of people to achieve this so-called needed land, especially the people of Poland. Im always looking for pictures of the guards and hoping one day I will see him as a young soldier. Despite this precaution, such limited, semiamicable relationships did exist. Prestianni particularly liked Speer, Hitlers architect and the designer of many of Berlins most spectacular buildings and later minister of armament and munitions. Ten of them Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Alfred Rosenberg, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Wilhelm Keitel, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart were hanged on October 16, 1946. I could never beat him in checkers. Conversation between guards was extremely limited or nonexistent. These once powerful leaders of Nazi Germany were the accused of the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal. Others subjected inmates to horrific experiments and torture. Twelve of the defendants were sentenced to death by hanging. ;"God protect Germany. My father became an MP after the war. The second-level tier housed high-ranking SS (Schutzstaffel) officers and many of the infamous doctors who had conducted ghastly medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. Guards occasionally retaliated against unpopular, troublesome prisoners by rapping on the cell doors with their night sticks to disturb the occupants sleep. Trial issues are criminal activities or subjects at issue in a trial that are addressed by a document. Only Speer occasionally tried to befriend him or penetrate his deep solitude with a few words of encouragement. Other Units at Nuremberg were The US Constabulary, the 793rd MP . Hello everybody, this morning ended an auction on ebay of a Nuremberg Trials Guard uniform and I would hear your thoughts about the patch - especially of the scale on the patch because the right bowl has three strings and the left one has two strings.The Nuremberg Trial patches were German made ( Bullions) and all of . [10] The declaration also stated that those high-ranking Nazis who had committed crimes in several countries would be dealt with jointly. Streicher, sentenced to death, was perhaps the most despised prisoner of all due to his complete obsession with sex. At the time, it was just a job we were told to do. [144] Most defendants argued their own insignificance within the Nazi system, but Gring took the opposite approach, presenting himself as Hitler's loyalist and expecting that while he would be executed, the German people would eventually appreciate his loyalty. Tags International Military TribunalNurembergGermanywar crimes trialstrials National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD Soviet prosecutors in Nrnberg, Germany brought out Friedrich Paulus and Erich Buschenhagen by surprise as witnesses in the war crimes trials. Most certainly. The Nuremberg Trials: Complete Tribunal Proceedings (V. 4): Trial Proceedings From 17th December 1945 to 8th January 1946 by International Military Tribunal (shelved 1 time as nuremberg-trial) avg rating 0.0 0 ratings published Want to Read Rate this book 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars Hess was eccentric. Seven defendants (Hess, Funk, Raeder, Dnitz, Schirach, Speer, and Neurath) were sent to Spandau Prison to serve their sentences. Had I known just who these prisoners were at the time and what they had been accused and convicted of having done, I probably would not have had such a close relationship with them. [60] The American prosecution became derailed during attempts to provide evidence of the German annexation of Austria. He could never understand why he had been tried for war crimes. Seven others, including Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler 's former deputy, were given prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life. [64] The division of labor, and the haste with which the indictment was prepared, resulted in duplication, imprecise language, and lack of attribution of specific charges to individual defendants. Johann Georg Richert was found guilty and was executed in Minsk, Byelorussia. [67] Former Nazis were allowed to serve as counsel[45] and by mid-November all defendants had lawyers. -. He was quiet by nature and spent much of his time writing his memoirs. Generally, due to rivalries and animosity toward each other during their glory years, most adhered to this policy and opted to walk, stand, or sit alone, not engaged in conversations to any degree. Considered by some as the most intelligent and talented prisoner, he was the quintessential gentleman. [127] Evidence was presented on the murder of children, attempts to cover up atrocities,[128] systematic plunder of occupied territories, and confiscation or destruction of cultural heritage. All war crimes prisoners ate from a single German menu. Courtroom 600 in the Nuremberg Palace of Justice was the site of the famous Nuremberg trials, a series of military tribunals that took place between November 20, 1945 and October 1, 1946. [26], The final version of the charter only gave the court the ability to punish those crimes against humanity that had been committed "in connection with any crimes within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal". [175][176], Four organizations were ruled to be criminal: the Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party, the SS, the Gestapo, and the SD, although some lower ranks and subgroups were excluded. The purpose of the armored reinforcement was to prevent any possibility of attack by groups of still-fanatic Nazis. All sessions of the tribunal were held in Nrnberg, Germany, under the presidency of Lord Justice Geoffrey Lawrence. Some of these camps, such as Treblinka, were death camps, intended to kill every prisoner that passed through their gates. [241][242], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}492716N 110254E / 49.45444N 11.04833E / 49.45444; 11.04833. He was a rather low key person at Nuremberg who caused the guards no problems at all, said Prestianni. While they walked, the prisoners were separated by a prescribed number of yards. Again, without a word being spoken, the door was slammed shut. Each watch was of two hours duration, standing almost motionless looking in the cell door openings. List of defendants at the International Military Tribunal, William L. Shierer "The Rise and Fall of the third reich", Nuremberg-chapter of part IV. When asked how the individual personalities, habits, and mannerisms differed, Prestianni responded that they were varied. events, and resources, Michael Prestianni: Guarding the War Criminals at Nuremberg. He would have been 92 the following month. The first session, under the presidency of Gen. I.T. He used to tell me he always did what he thought was right for the Fatherland but that just too much came to light during the trial.. He told multiple stories of his time there. He had actually tried to usurp Hitlers authority during the last days of the Reich but remained an ardent supporter of the Nazi regime during the trial, often proving himself a skilled debater. My dad, Frederick M. Bencriscutto, was in the field artillery in the 1st Infantry Division during WWII. Prestianni and another guard handcuffed Streicher and walked him silently to the gallows chamber, where they rapped on the door with their truncheons. The requested reassignments were generally granted.. [201], At the same time as the Nuremberg Charter was finalized, the Allies also signed the Potsdam Agreement, which provided for the mass expulsion of millions of Germans from central and eastern Europe, so that certain acts for which Nazis were convicted at Nuremberg were therefore made an official policy of the Allies. [155] In the context of the brewing Cold War, the trial became a means of condemning not only Germany but also the Soviet Union. (November 1945) Sources: All photos copyright and courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum [156], On 31 August, closing arguments were presented. During numerous argumentative discussions, Neurath referred to the Polish population and others that were slaughtered by German troops as untermenschen, the German expression for inferior beings. [172] All 22 defendants were charged with crimes against peace, and 12 were convicted. Others were deemed "unfit" for Nazi society: Jews, lesbians, sex workers or homeless women. An enduring mystery of the 1946 Nuremberg trials was apparently solved yesterday when an American former prison guard claimed it was he who, as an unwitting accomplice, passed to Hermann. Neurath, after serving eight years of his 15-year sentence, was spirited away in clandestine fashion, without fanfare, and mysteriously set free in the dead of night on November 6, 1954, because of an alleged eye ailment. At the wars end, he was assigned to the guard detail at Nuremburg. The Subsequent Nuremberg Trials tried major war criminals, but of lower ranks than those tried in the first trial. [48] The French judges were Henri Donnedieu de Vabres, a professor of criminal law, and alternate Robert Falco, who had represented France at the London Conference. [130] The defense presented evidence of Soviet responsibility,[131] and Katyn was not mentioned in the verdict. [120] Ultimately, the French prosecution was unable to convince the court that Germanization was a crime against humanity, and incidents such as the German annexation of AlsaceLorraine went unmentioned in the final verdict. Joined: Oct 14, 2007 Messages: 2,804 Patrolling the wall was cold, cold, cold, Prestianni remembered. Goring had been given a list of approved lawyers by the US authorities, but rejected every name on it. A defendant was entitled to receive a copy of the indictment, to offer any relevant explanation to the charges brought against him, and to be represented by counsel and confront and cross-examine the witnesses. Home; Services; New Patient Center. His name was Raymond J Arsenault. [4], In early 1942, representatives of eight governments-in-exile in the United Kingdom issued a declaration on Punishment for War Crimes, which demanded an international court to try the Axis crimes committed in occupied countries. On that date, representatives from the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the provisional government of France signed an agreement that included a charter for an international military tribunal to conduct trials of major Axis war criminals whose offenses had no particular geographic location. He thought a mature, Lutheran, German-speaking chaplain who had worked in prisons . [52] Initially, it was planned that Iona Nikitchenko, who had presided over the Moscow trials, would serve as the chief prosecutor, but he was appointed as a judge and replaced by Roman Rudenko, a show trial prosecutor[53] chosen for his skill as an orator.
list of guards at nuremberg trials
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