of the Biden Administrations decision to destroy the Nord Stream pipelines, why did much of the secret planning and training for the operation take place in Norway? I, Vietnam 1964 (section 278). On August 2, 1964 the USS Maddox was on DEOSTO Patrol in international waters off North Vietnam. NSAPAC REP VIETNAM 200100ZAUG64. T ruthout. Interpreting this as an act of North Vietnamese aggression, the US government responded by ordering greater military involvement in Vietnam. For more on this topic see the following: Grand Delusion: U.S. Strategy and the Tonkin Gulf Incident, The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident. And what about the North Vietnamese battle report that seemed to provide irrefutable confirmation of the attack? The Turner Joy had not detected any torpedoes during the entire encounter, and Herrick determined that the Maddox's operators were probably hearing the ship's propellers reflecting off her rudder during sharp turns.12 The destroyer's main gun director was never able to lock onto any targets because, as the operator surmised, the radar was detecting the stormy sea's wave tops. The order to retaliate was given less than thirty minutes after the initial report. Yes it happened. They were there as part of an effort to support South Vietnamese military raids on what was then the North Vietnamese coast. Answer: Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. What really happened to the USS Maddox on that dark night in the Gulf of Tonkin? (20) The more astute cardboard-roll hangers wait until they have been placed in the closet, out of view, before they collapse. 1. Which of the following resulted from American commitments to free trade? The attacks were unprovoked. New York: Oxford Press, 2008. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident, https://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Was_the_Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident_staged&oldid=23951. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed President Lyndon B. Johnson to greatly escalate U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. The fictitious Gulf of Tonkin incident helped draw the United States deeper into the Vietnam War. Both ships began firing at what they thought were torpedo boats, and again they sought air support. Can the omission of evidence by McNamara be forgiven? What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? President Johnson acted before all the facts became known, and caused the US to be more involved with Vietnam. a woman's right to choose in the first trimester. Three days earlier he had told the President that some of the raids had led to the 2 August attack on the Maddox.U.S. Opposed Vietnamese independence and supported French attempts to retain its colonial control The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed for the president to send combat troops to Vietnam. The administration's zeal for aggressive action, motivated by President Johnson's election worries, created an atmosphere of recklessness and overenthusiasm in which it became easy to draw conclusions based on scanty evidence and to overlook normally prudent precautionary measures. Titled "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2-4 August 1964," it had been published in the classified Cryptological Quarterly in early 2001. She spent most of the next 42 years working as a copy editor and editor at Encyclopaedia Britannica. By 0127 on 5 August, hours after the "attacks" had occurred, Herrick had queried his crew and reviewed the preceding hours' events. Nevertheless, when later queried by NSA headquarters, the destroyer indicated she had been unaware of the OPLAN raid on the island.5 That ignorance set the stage for a showdown between North Vietnamese forces and the U.S. Navy eavesdropping platform. However the human race LOVEs . CIA Director John McCone answered matter-of-factly, "No, the North Vietnamese are reacting defensively to our attacks on their offshore islands . In the early hours of the next day, Maddox communication technicians intercepted SIGINT reports of North Vietnamese vessels getting under way, possibly intent on attacking the destroyer. adhereamorousdefinitivefluentaffinityanimositydegenerategregariousalliterationcohereelucidateinherentamateurconfineengenderliteraryamicablecongregationfinaleluminary. "29, During comments to reporters on 6 August, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara lied when he denied knowledge of the nature of the provocative OPLAN 34A raids, which were organized and overseen by his department. Details of action following present a confusing picture. Other vital intercepts mysteriously disappeared. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 119; Stockdale, In Love and War, p. 19. Both houses of Congress passed the resolution on August 7, the House of Representatives by 414 votes to nil, and the Senate by a vote of 88 to 2. Pulitzer-prize winning journalist Seymour Hersh has shed more light on US-Norwegian military cooperation which started after the end of the Second World War, and evoked memories of the controversial Gulf of Tonkin incident that opened the door to the . She recruited other Unionists, including government clerks Seventh Fleet in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2 and August 4, respectively. Reply. naval event, Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of Vietnam [1964]. One pilot was killed, Richard Sather, and another was captured, Everett Alvarez, who was held in Hoa Lo Prison, better known as the Hanoi Hilton, for eight years. The attacks were unprovoked. The papers, more than 140 of them classified top secret, include phone transcripts, oral-history interviews, signals intelligence (SIGINT) messages, and chronologies of the Tonkin events developed by Department of Defense and NSA officials. Questions about the Gulf of Tonkin incidents have persisted for more than 40 years. The Maddox fired warning shots, but the torpedo boats continued and opened fire in return. How did the United States respond to the independence movement in Vietnam? Omissions? On 3 August, the CIA confirmed that "Hanoi's naval units have displayed increasing sensitivity to U.S. and South Vietnamese naval activity in the Gulf of Tonkin during the past several months." 4 Answer. In July 1964, Lieutenant General William C. Westmoreland, commander of the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, shifted the operation's tactics from commando attacks on land to shore bombardments using mortars, rockets, and recoilless rifles fired from South Vietnamese patrol boats.1, The U.S. Navy, meanwhile, had been conducting occasional reconnaissance and SIGINT-gathering missions farther offshore in the Tonkin Gulf. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 16; Edward J. Drea, "Tonkin Gulf Reappraisal: 40 Years Later," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol. Still other targets appeared from the east, mimicking attacking profiles of torpedo boats. It showed the military superiority of the South Vietnamese. By the night of August 4, the U.S. military had intercepted North Vietnamese communications that led officials to believe that a North Vietnamese attack on its destroyers was being planned. The Vietnam War: A Concise History. Quoted in Robert Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 24 August 1964," Cryptological Quarterly, Winter 2000/Spring 2001, p. 6. On the night of July 3031, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attacked North Vietnamese radar and military installations on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Maddox, however, was not. Updates? At the end of July 1964, MACV-SOG assaulted North Vietnamese installations on the coast of North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. The reply is being given as I speak to you tonight. When President Johnson asked during a 4 August meeting of the National Security Council, "Do they want a war by attacking our ships in the middle of the Gulf of Tonkin?" Johnson and his advisers had approved retaliatory strikes on North Vietnamese naval bases as soon as the reports of the apparent attack of August 4 came in. The alleged attacks on August 4th against the USS Maddox and USS Joy were the basis for escalating the United States' involvement in Vietnam, but those attacks never occurred. "16 Amid all the other confusion and growing doubt about the attack, this battle report was a compelling piece of evidence. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? 1964 promised to be a volatile year in an already charged arena. Especially during his tenure as commander, Westmoreland became the face of the United States in Vietnam. Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem Resulted from a minor naval conflict The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: S kin Vnh Bc B) was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War.It involved both a proven confrontation on August 2, 1964, carried out by North Vietnamese forces in response to covert operations in the coastal region of the gulf, and a second, claimed confrontation on August 4 . Selon Yann Arthus-Bertrand (17) One particularly devilish species of hanger is the one with the whitecardboardroll-on\underline{\text{white cardboard roll-on}}whitecardboardroll-on the bottom for hanging slacks without producing a fold mark. It was certainly convenient as a reason for expanding American involvement in the Vietnam War. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved. However, the retaliatory attack of 5 August marked the United States' first overt military action against the North Vietnamese and the most serious escalation up to that date. History, 21.06.2019 16:00. Targets would disappear, and then new targets would appear from the opposite compass direction. Besides the situation in Vietnam, Johnson was very concerned with the upcoming election of 1964. 16, No. Codenamed Operations Plan (OPLAN) 34A, the activities were conceived and overseen by the Department of Defense, with the support of the Central Intelligence Agency, and carried out by the South Vietnamese Navy. External sources are not required for the short papers. Although the raid was successful (the oil depot was completely destroyed and 33 of 35 vessels were hit), two American aircraft were shot down; one pilot was killed and the second captured.20, On 7 August, Congress, with near unanimity, approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which President Johnson signed into law three days later. 12. 11. 4 What is the Gulf of Tonkin incident and why is it controversial? CH 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Vocab, Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentat, US Citizenship and Naturalization Test 2019 (, Cole Conlin, Elizabeth Millan, Max Ehrsam, Parthena Draggett, An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese Workbook, Betsy Kerr, Guy Spielmann, Mary Rogers, Tracy D.Terrell, la prise de conscience de notre impact sur la plan. 3 What power did the Gulf of Tonkin give the President? Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. Violent anti-war protests erupted at Kent State and Jackson State College after the news media reported that American troops had invaded Cambodia.. McNamara again eluded the question, "They have advanced closer and closer to the 17th parallel, and in some cases, I think they have moved beyond that in an effort to stop the infiltration closer to the point of origin."26. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred in August 1964. "18, Back on board the Ticonderoga, Commander Stockdale had been ordered to prepare to launch an air strike against the North Vietnamese targets for their "attacks" of the previous evening. In August 1964, the United States entered the Vietnam War after reports of an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin. Johnson, leaning heavily on the same team of advisors that Kennedy had appointed, did not approve of the troop build-up that many were calling for, but kept the increase of American personnel relatively modest. What was the primary political issue that Carter used in his presidential campaign? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. The events led to Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed the president to increase U.S. involvement in Vietnam without Congressional approval. The Maddox fired at the torpedo boats, which fired back. We sacrificed two comrades but all the rest are okay. Explanation: President Lyndon Johnson utilized the Gulf of Tonkin occurrence to enlarge the war. As far as Vietnam was concerned, Johnson tried, and largely succeeded, balancing support for the US allies in the south but not committing too many resources, especially soldiers, to the fight in Asia. The targets were military or directly applicable to the North Vietnamese ability to wage war on South Vietnam. The opinions expressed within the documents in both releases are those of the authors and individuals interviewed. Write the correct present subjunctive form of the verb given. But several hours later he forwarded his doubts about what had happened up the chain of command.Naval Historical Center. A joint resolution of Congress dated August 7, 1964, gave the president authority to increase U.S. involvement in the war between North and South Vietnam and served as the legal basis for escalations in the Johnson and Nixon administrations that likely dwarfed what most Americans could have imagined in August 1964. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT, Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem, U.S. troops massacred hundreds of civilians, In the 1968 election, Lyndon Johnson decided. Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 1983) p. 372. 2. 8. Hanyok claimed that "The overwhelming body of reports, if used, would have told the story that no attack occurred. Weather conditions were clear, and seas were calm. The Gulf Tonkin Incidents were the pretext for President Johnson to create and ultimately pass the Gulf Tonkin Resolution, which ultimately allowed the US to escalate the Vietnam War (also known as the Second Indochina War) into a large-scale war. Did the North Vietnamese actually attack US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin? All of the enemy boats were heading northwest at about 40 knots, two in front of the third by about a mile. Indiquez si les phrases suivantes sont vraies ou fausses. Have interviewed witnesses who made positive visual sightings of cockpit lights or similar passing near MADDOX. The US has form for this kind of "fabricated" naval incident (see 2 and 3 above) say theorists, referring back to the second Tonkin Gulf incident in which the US is alleged to have faked a naval clash with the North Vietnamese navy. See all videos for this article Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, also called Tonkin Gulf Resolution, resolution put before the U.S. Congress by Pres. In Hawaii, Pacific Fleet Commander-in-Chief Admiral U. S. Grant Sharp was receiving Captain Herrick's reports by flash message traffic, not voice reports. allowed for the president to send combat troops to Vietnam. Their overall objective was to disrupt North Vietnamese infiltration and support of South Vietnamese Communists, namely the Viet Cong. President Jonson took these claims to Congress which subsequently passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. The Gulf of Tonkin incident is the name given to two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. Funny how no one mentions the fact the Gulf Of Tonkin incident, the false flag event that 'justified' the Vietnam war. A few days after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution was passed, he commented, "Hell, those damn, stupid sailors were just shooting at flying fish. . "17, McNamara considered the report, coupled with Admiral Sharp's belief the attack was authentic, as conclusive proof. operating in the coastal waters, inspecting suspicious incoming junks, seeking to deter and prevent the infiltration of both men and material." H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 129. But it wasn't true. It showed the military superiority of the South Vietnamese. (18) These hangers, while not quite as cunning as plastic hangers, are perhaps the most treacherous because they don't even try to function as they are designed. 2. Among the most revealing documents is a study of the Gulf of Tonkin incidents by NSA historian Robert J. Hanyok. Maddox. The Mysteries of Tonkin Gulf. Reports Cast Doubt on Alleged Second Attack Another problem: the second attack almost certainly never occurred. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident. Requested by Johnson, the resolution authorized the chief executive to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." They used a questionable report of a North Vietnamese attack on American naval vessels to justify the president's policy to the electorate and to defuse Republican senator and presidential candidate Barry Goldwater's charges that Lyndon Johnson was irresolute and "soft" in the foreign policy arena.30, For his part, McNamara never admitted his mistakes. President Johnson signed it on August 10, giving the executive far greater power to conduct military operations, without a declaration of war, than had ever been granted before. This, in effect, gave Johnson carte blanche to escalate US involvement in Vietnam without the restrictions of declaring war. Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. Lyndon Johnson on August 5, 1964, assertedly in reaction to two allegedly unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and C. Turner Joy of the U.S. But, interestingly, on Sept. 18, a similar incident occurred in the Gulf of Tonkin. Quoted in Robert McNamara's In Retrospect, (New York: Vintage, 1996) p. 133. Next, the best we have as Robert McNamara deemed him, General William Westmoreland was appointed the commander of operations in Vietnam in April of 1964. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a brief confrontation between United States and North Vietnamese warships, off the coast of northern Vietnam in August 1964. The United States was playing a dangerous game. He was a decorated war hero from World War II and the Korean War, with a great enough public presence to consider politics if he so chose after his military career. With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the United States committed its full strength to the conflict. Omissions? It showed the willingness of North Vietnam to make peace. "19 Despite his reservations, Stockdale led a strike of 18 aircraft against an oil storage facility at Vinh, located just inland of where the alleged attacks on the Maddox and Turner Joy had occurred. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 25. It was in fact a more detailed report about the action on August 2, and there had not actually been an attack on August 4. Maddox.The events led to Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed the president to increase U.S. involvement in Vietnam without Congressional approval. The enemy ship could also have been damaged. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution, essentially unchallenged by a Congress that believed it was an appropriate response to unprovoked, aggressive, and deliberate attacks on U.S. vessels on the high seas, would open the floodgates for direct American military involvement in Vietnam. The relocation of American manufacturing overseas, The southern strategy involved attracting Democratic voters to the Republican Party.. Originally, it was claimed by the National Security Agency that the North Vietnamese Navy fired torpedo boats towards the USS Maddox on August 4, 1964. On 2 August 1964, North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox (DD-731) while the destroyer was in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. the attack is a signal to us that the North Vietnamese have the will and determination to continue the war. Lieutenant Commander Paterson is a foreign area officer and former history instructor at the U.S. . Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken.. 26. 15. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks. At 2336, President Johnson appeared on national television and announced his intent to retaliate against North Vietnamese targets: "Repeated acts of violence against the armed forces of the United States must be met not only with alert defense, but with positive reply. Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, in 1964, was a major turning point in United States military involvement in Vietnam. Opposed Vietnamese independence and supported French attempts to retain its colonial control. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a false flag operation organized by the secret services of the United States, to be used as a pretext in their participation in the Vietnam War; this simulated a false attack by North Vietnamese forces against United States Navy ships in Southeast Asia, which had penetrated waters that the United States claimed as Moreover, another intercepted report seemed to confirm that the attack had in fact taken place, and thus Herricks caution was not taken seriously. ed. il est impossible de compenser ses missions CO2. Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem b. What are the main structures of the systemic system? At the 1968 Democratic National Convention. On 30 May 2006, NSA released the second and final installment of Gulf of Tonkin materials. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. 30. there was nothing there but black water and American firepower."11. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Several reported torpedoes were probably boats themselves which were observed to make several close passes on MADDOX. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 47. The National Security Agency originally claimed that another sea battle, the Second Gulf of Tonkin incident, occurred on August 4, 1964, but instead evidence was found of "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and not actual North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Unlike much else that followed, this incident is undisputed, although no one from the US government ever admitted publicly that the attack was likely provoked by its covert actions. The Maddox, on patrol in the area but probably unaware of the raids that had taken place, observed torpedo boats sent out in pursuit of the South Vietnamese vessels and thus withdrew, but it returned on August 1. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution effectively launched America's full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War. After observing North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats pursuing the vessels that had attacked Hon Me, the Maddox withdrew from the area. But once-classified documents and tapes released in the past several years, combined with previously uncovered facts, make clear that high government officials distorted facts and deceived the American public about events that led to full . and (APEX) Did the gulf of Tonkin incident happen? The events between July 30 and August 10, 1964, are viewed as the tipping point of American involvement in Vietnam. From two boats, South Vietnamese commandos fired machine guns and small cannon at the island's radar and military installations. Forty-eight hours earlier, on Aug. 2, two US destroyers on patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin the Maddox and the Turner Joy were attacked by North Vietnamese boats. False reports were also presented, and the president didn't know about them. After this was reported to Washington, Robert McNamara urged President Johnson to retaliate. L. 88-408, 78 Stat. Paragraph 14, 15 Richard Nixon, quoted in Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005 . Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 3. 13. On board the ship, Commander, Destroyer Division 192, Captain John J. Herrick ordered the vessel out to sea, hoping to avoid a confrontation. The Pentagon Papers, published in the 1970's subsequently proved that the claims, along with the rest of the information published by the American government justifying US involvement in Vietnam were falsehoods. Please. In response, the North Vietnamese built up their naval presence around the offshore islands. The encounter sparked the first open fighting between the United States and North Vietnam, the first U.S. bombing of the North and an intensification of U.S. support for South Vietnam. In his award-winning 2003 video memoirs Fog of War, he remained unapologetic and even bragged of his ability to deceive: "I learned early on never answer the question that is asked of you. This was true from this first airstrike when two American aircraft were shot down during Pierce-Arrow. . Libby Prison. This assignment requires you to use themes from the readings and debate critically the meaning, scope, and/or practices. At roughly the same time, the USS Maddox engaged in electronic surveillance also in the Gulf. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and President Johnson were both convinced of the reality of the second attack, however, and thus they asked Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. 4. President Jonson took these claims to Congress which subsequently passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. "27, Intelligence officials realized the obvious. But what happened in the Gulf during the late hours of 4 Augustand the consequential actions taken by U.S. officials in Washingtonhas been seemingly cloaked in confusion and mystery ever since that night. At present cannot even estimate number of boats involved. Those communications most likely referred to operations to salvage the torpedo boat that had been damaged in the earlier firefight. Answers: 3. C. She asked free Black people to pose as enslaved servants in The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was also called USS Maddox incident. What was the intention of the War Powers Resolution? 1 See answer Advertisement mahak08 What was true about the gulf tonkin incident? What was the intention of the War Powers Resolution? Three days following the incident, Congress approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving the President wide latitude in conducting military operations in Vietnam, and Johnson signed it into law on the 10th.Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Subsequently, Secretary McNamara intentionally misled Congress and the public about his knowledge of and the nature of the 34A operations, which surely would have been perceived as the actual cause for the 2 August attack on the Maddox and the apparent attack on the 4th. In return, the lead vessel launched a torpedo and veered away. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. By the time the destroyers broke off their "counterattack," they had fired 249 5-inch shells, 123 3-inch shells, and four or five depth charges.10, Commander Stockdale was again in the action, this time alone. In 1964, the American government claimed that American naval ships had been attacked in territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. You've read 1 out of 5 free articles of Naval History this month. By 1 August, the destroyer had returned to the area and was back on patrol. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved? And then, two days later, on August 4, the Johnson administration claimed that it had been attacked again. Carter's campaign focused less on issues than on his background as a hardworking, honest, Southern Baptist southerner, All of the following led to the economic development of the Sun Belt EXCEPT. That night, the South Vietnamese staged more OPLAN 34A raids. In August 1964, the USS Maddox destroyer was stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam. Almost immediately upon taking the helm in Vietnam, Westmoreland called for greater troop strength throughout South Vietnam. It's true. Analyze the effects of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed under the Lyndon Johnson administration during the Vietnam War, Learn about some key points on the Gulf of Tonkin incident leading to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, 1964, https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-incident, HistoryNet - Gulf of Tonkin Incident: Reappraisal 40 Years Later, U.S. Department of State - Office of the Historian - U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Gulf of Tonkin and Escalation, 1964. No actual visual sightings by MADDOX. Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, directed by Errol Morris, Sony Pictures, 2003. The Truth About Tonkin. After receiving information that there was an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin, the United States entered the Vietnam War on August 14, 1964.
what was true about the gulf of tonkin incident
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